Runway
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft". Runways may be a
man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural
surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is
generally the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading in degrees. A runway
numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180) etc. When taking off
from or landing on runway 12, a plane would be heading 120°. A runway can
normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately.
For example runway 29 in one direction is runway 11 when used in the other. The
two numbers always differ by 18 (= 180°).
How Many Runways ?
In this example there are two parallel runways and two directions and that makes 4 runways. Those are 8L, 8R, 26L,
26R. L means left and Right means right.
Definitions
Takeoff and landing distances
available are given using one of the following terms:
TORA
Takeoff
Run Available – The length of runway declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.
TODA
Takeoff Distance Available –
The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the clearway,
if clearway is provided.
ASDA
Accelerate-Stop
Distance Available – The length of the takeoff run available
plus the length of the stopway, if stopway is provided.
LDA
Landing
Distance Available – The length of runway that is declared
available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.
EDA
Emergency
Distance Available – LDA (or TORA) plus a stopway.
RUNWAY SHOULDERS
Runway shoulders provide
resistance to blast erosion and accommodate the passage of maintenance and
emergency equipment and the occasional passage of an airplane veering from the
runway.
The runway shoulders should
extend symmetrically on each side of the runway so that the
overall width of the runway and its
shoulders is not less than:
— 60 m where the code letter is D or E; and
— 75 m where the code letter is
F.
So we can say that if we exclude the runway width, runway shoulders width
must be like the following;
RUNWAY TURN PADS
Where the end of a runway is not
served by a taxiway or a taxiway turnaround , a runway turn pad shall be
provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of aeroplanes.Such areas may also be useful if
provided along a runway to reduce taxiing time and distance for aeroplanes which may not require the full length of
the runway.
— The runway turn pad may be
located on either the left or right side of the runway and adjoining the runway pavement at both ends
of the runway and at some intermediate locations where deemed necessary.
The initiation of the turn would
be facilitated by locating the turn pad on the left side of the runway, since
the left seat is the normal position
of the pilot-in-command.The intersection angle of the
runway turn pad with the runway should not exceed 30 degrees.The nose wheel steering angle to
be used in the design of the runway turn pad should not exceed 45 degrees.The design of a runway turn pad
shall be such that, when the cockpit of the aeroplane for which the turn pad is intended remains over the turn pad
marking, the clearance distance between any wheel of the aeroplane landing gear
and the edge of the turn pad shall be
not less than that given by the following tabulation:
Code letter Clearance
A 1.5
m
B 2.25 m
C 3
m if the turn pad is intended to be used by
aeroplanes with a wheel base less than 18 m;
4.5 m if the turn pad is intended to be used
by aeroplanes with a wheel base equal to or greater than 18 m.
D 4.5
m
E 4.5
m
F 4.5 m
Note.— Wheel base means the
distance from the nose gear to the geometric centre of the main gear.
The strength of a runway
turn pad should be at least equal to that of the adjoining runway which it serves, due consideration being
given to the fact that the turn pad will be subjected to slow-moving traffic
making hard turns and consequent
higher stresses on the pavement.
Where a runway turn pad is provided
with flexible pavement, the surface would need to be capable of withstanding the horizontal shear forces
exerted by the main landing gear tires during turning manoeuvres.The runway turn pads
should be provided with shoulders of such width as is necessary to prevent surface erosion by the jet blast
of the most demanding aeroplane for which the turn pad is intended, and any
possible foreign object damage to the
aeroplane engines.As a minimum, the width of
the shoulders would need to cover the outer engine of the most demanding
aeroplane and thus may be wider than
the associated runway shoulders.Runway and any associated
stopways shall be included in a strip.
Length
of runway strips
A strip shall extend before
the threshold and beyond the end of the runway or stopway for a distance of at
least:
60 m where the code number is 2, 3 or 4;
60 m where the code number is 1 and the runway is an instrument one; and
30 m where the code number is 1 and the runway is a non-instrument one.
Slopes on runway strips
Longitudinal slopes
Slope changes on that portion of a
strip to be graded should be as gradual as practicable and abrupt changes or sudden reversals of
slopes avoided.
Transverse slopes
— The transverse slopes of any portion of a strip beyond that
to be graded should not exceed an
upward slope of 5 per cent as measured in the direction away from the runway
Strength of runway strips
From the centre line of the runway
and its extended centre line should be so prepared or constructed as to
minimize hazards arising from
differences in load-bearing capacity to aeroplanes which the runway is intended
to serve in the event of an aeroplane
running off the runway.
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREAS
The runway safety
area is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It
is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of
aircraft.
Length of Resa
if the runway code is 3 or 4 –
240 m; or
If the runway code is 1 or 2 –
120 m.
The transverse slope of a RESA
will not be more than 5% upwards or downwards.
As far as practicable, a RESA
will be prepared or constructed so as to reduce the risk of damage to an aero
plane, enhance aero plane deceleration and facilitate the movement of rescue
and fire fighting vehicles.
A runway end safety area should
be provided at each end of a runway strip where the code number is 1 or 2 and
the runway is a non-instrument one.
Runway End Safety Area (RESA);
Defined in Annex 14
At each end of runway strip
Purpose is to reduce the risk of damage to an airplane
undershooting or overrunning the runway
Not included in declared distances
Minimum length is 90 m
Width is twice that of runway
Kaya YAVUZ
Flight Training
I wanna talk about our runways in etimesgut airport . There are two runways . One of them is general runway that is 2.5 km length and the other one is called eemergency landing path and this second runway is just 1.5 km . We use emergency runway , when we use single engine aircraft otherwise we have to use long runway , when we fly with multi engine aircraft . both our paths are parallel and their's way is 29 and 11 . 29 is used generally but we used 11 when wind changes its own direction . And finally I wanna talk about light because I couldn't see ananything about lights . There must be some lights sides of the runways but our second runway has not any lights . Our main runway has a red runway ends lights and white runway edge light and green center line . And blue is used for showing taxiway edges..
YanıtlaSilThis article iclude almost everything about runway. Our trainer airplane is Cessna 172. I want to talk about 'how much runway lenght does a cessna 172 aircraft need to take off?' This varies depending on many factors. The aircraft's weight being foremost, a heavily loaded 172 can require as much as 3 times the runway as a nearly empty one. A good stiff headwind might save you 200 or 300 feet from your takeoff roll, but its just as likely youll get a crosswind which may cost you. Bearing all that in mind, on a nice summer day, with just me in the plane & about a half-tank of gas, i can easily get off the ground in under 800 feet of runway.
YanıtlaSilRunways are essential parts of airports. In this composition, I learned a lot of information about runway. In PPL(Private Pilot Licence) course, I landed to Etimesgut Airport and one more foreign airports away 150 NM from our base. When I fly to external airport, I research the way of runway which I land. Like Kaya wrote, the name of runway is so important for pilots.
YanıtlaSil